How to Mix Oil Paints - The Color Wheel

Color is just one of painting fundamentals. In order to master painting, it is important to understand the other fundamentals too!

I recommend reading my realistic painting guide first, to understand 8 of the key fundamentals for painting.

This guide focuses on color mixing for oil painting, and the relationships within the color wheel.

A successful color mixing is getting both the right hue AND the right brightness value (how dark or light).

Table of contents:

• Oil paints characteristics
• Primary colors (blue, red & yellow)
• Secondary colors (purple, green & orange)
• White, black and gray
• Highlights & shadows
• Complementary colors
• Earth colors (Umber, Sienna & Ocher)
• Oil paint types
• Tips, techniques & terms
• Summary & guidance

Light/color:

Light is a collection of energy-particles (photons) that travel in waves.

Sensors in the human eye can detect some wavelengths, and the human brain translates different wavelengths as different colors.

When light that consists of all the detectable wavelengths reach the eye, like from looking at the sun or a lamp, the human brain translates it as white.

Therefore, colors are a characteristic of the human sight, meaning the translation of different wavelengths to different colors.

Pigment:

A pigment is a substance or material that absorbs a portion of the visible wavelengths (light), and reflects the rest.

Chlorophyll, for example, is a pigment that exists in plants, and is essential for photosynthesis.

The Chlorophyll pigment absorbs many wavelengths, but reflects the wavelengths we translate as green. That is the reason we see plants as if they are green.

In other words, a pigment is a substance that changes the color of light by selective absorption of wavelengths.

Oil paints:

Oil paints are pigments (dry powder), mixed with a binder, usually linseed oil.

Oil based paints do NOT dry; they become solid.

When linseed oil meets oxygen from the air, the process of oxidation begins (absorption of oxygen atoms), and polymerization (oil molecules react to form polymers, which are huge molecules).

Different oil paints have different levels of opacity.

Oil paints labeled as opaque will cover the canvas completely.

Oil paints labeled as semitransparent or transparent will cover the canvas (or an under layer of paint) partially.

There is a marking on the oil paint tube that describes the level of opacity (or transparency) of the paint.

• Full square mark means opaque color.
• Semi-full square mark means semitransparent color.
• Clear square mark means transparent color.

• Red, orange and yellow are warm colors; they bring to mind warm stuff like the Sun, or fire.
• Green, blue and purple are cool colors; they bring to mind cool stuff like the ocean, or wet grass.

Most oil paints are not pure colors, but a bit warm or cool.

For example: Cadmium Yellow is a warmer yellow, because it is a bit orange, while lemon yellow is a cooler yellow, because it is a bit greenish.

Another example: Cadmium red is a warmer red, meaning it is an orange red, while quinacridone red is a cooler red, because it has a purple tinge.

In essence, yellow, for example, is always warm, but some yellow colors are warmer, while other yellow colors are less warm.

There are 3 primary colors:

• Blue
• Red
• Yellow

A primary color is a color that cannot be mixed from other colors. Therefore, it is necessary to buy all three primaries.

Blue oil paint can be:

• With a purple tinge, like in the case of ultramarine blue.
• Neutral, like in the case of cobalt blue.
• With a green tinge, like in the cases of cerulean blue, phthalo blue, and Prussian blue.

In the next example, I used Prussian blue for the background:

*Phthalo blue is a staining color, meaning even after washing the brushes, they stay with a greenish blue tinge. It is a dominant color, and it has a very strong scent.

*Azure (Sky blue) is a mixture of blue and white pigments.

If you want to know more on paintbrush types, visit my guide on brushes for oil painting.

Red is a dominant color, and therefore it is used for important traffic signs. In text, red symbolizes warning.

Since red captures the attention of the viewer, it is best to use it sparingly (in landscape paintings) for parts in the painting that are far (so not to "bring them forward").

Pink is a mixture of red and white pigments.

Peach is a mixture of pink and a bit of yellow.

Yellow is a bright color, which is sometimes used for brightening other colors.

Yellow ocher (also ochre) is one of the ancient earth colors, and it has many uses. (More on that later).

There are 3 secondary colors:

• Purple
• Green
• Orange

You can use the 3 primary colors to mix the 3 secondary colors:

• Mixing blue and red creates purple.
• Mixing blue and yellow creates green.
• Mixing red and yellow creates orange.

Example for creating the color wheel:

I used the three primary colors, and mixed them to create the secondary colors. I used a cool red to mix purple. Purple is a very dark color, so you can add white to it.

Purple is a mixture of red and blue.

When mixing more red than blue, the result is purple (which is warmer).

When mixing more blue than red, the result is violet (which is cooler).

Cool red oil paints, like quinacridone or alizarin crimson, are best for mixing purple. Warm red oil paints, like cadmium red, produces brownish or grayish purple.

Quinacridone is more durable than alizarin crimson, and is therefore recommended for use.

Remember:

Purple color can be very dark. Adding a bit of white makes it lighter.

Green is a mixture of blue and yellow.

Mixing black and yellow produces a khaki green.

Important:

When mixing ANY color, choose the pigments you want to use, AND the amount of each pigment.

By playing with the amount of each pigment, you can create many color variations.

In the next example, I used blue (cerulean) and yellow (lemon) to mix green. For one mixture, I used more blue for a cool green. For the second mixture, I used more yellow for a warmer green (still cool though):

Yellow ocher pigment is great for mixing many types of green, depending on the amount of ocher you use, and the blue pigment you pair with it.

Turquoise is a mixture of green and blue, with white.

Usually, turquoise is quite saturated. White desaturates colors.

The type of blue and green pigments, and the amount of white you use, determines the type of turquoise you get.

Adding a bit of yellow to the mixture can lighten it, and keep it saturated.

Orange is a mixture of red and yellow.

You can mix orange (and other earth colors) with white as a basis for skin tone.

For less saturated orange, add a bit of the opposite color (blue) to the mixture.

Colors with high saturation:

There are some cases in nature (like specific flowers under a strong light), or in objects (which are man-made), that have high saturation. Meaning, sharp and rich colors.

Tubes of primary colors (red, blue, yellow) are saturated enough.

In specific cases, for secondary colors (purple, green, orange), the color cannot be mixed from other colors, with enough saturation.

Therefore, buying a specific oil paint tube (for these saturated secondary colors), is the only solution.

These specific colors can be regarded as primary colors, since they too cannot be mixed.

White pigment does not absorb any wavelength (color); it reflects them back. Since all the other colors absorb some wavelengths, you cannot use them to mix white. Thus, it is necessary to buy white oil paint.

White is an important color, and the main color for lightening other colors.

Pure white is rarely seen in nature, due to reflections and other factors. In most cases, it is best to avoid the usage of pure white while painting (except for rare cases with strong highlights).

There are three main white oil paints that are composed of two pigments: Titanium (PW6) and zinc (PW4).

• Titanium - An opaque white, which is great for covering and for mixing colors.
• Zinc - A semitransparent color, great for glazing, mostly cool, depending on the brand.
• Flake - A semitransparent color, great for glazing, mostly warm, depending on the brand. Replaces the toxic lead white.

Good to Know:

Compared to oil paints, where white pigment is added for light values, in watercolors water is added for light values.

Black is the darkest color. It absorbs all wavelengths. There are many ways to mix black from other colors.

Mixing all 3 primaries (~x yellow, 2x red, 4x blue) will create black. That is like mixing a very dark purple and then adding a bit of the opposite color, yellow.

Ultramarine blue mixed with burnt umber is a cheap and fast way to create black (that is my favorite way).

You can mix most brown or orange oil paints with blue, to form different blacks.

Gray is adding a bit of white to black. A bit more brown will create a warm gray, and a bit more blue will create a cool gray.

Something to consider:

While all colors reflect different amount of wavelengths, black absorbs all and does not reflect anything. This can look a bit strange on a painting, as if there are "holes" in the painting where black is painted.

The solution is to mix black paint from other colors, and not to buy black oil paints, even though they are very cheap. It is a matter of personal preference.

That said, using black when mixing colors would make these colors less noticeable, so other areas of the painting will be in focus.

Every object is made of pigments, which define its color.

The area of an object that is in front of a light source is called highlight, and the area that is hidden from the light source is called shadow.

Highlight:

The highlight area can be lighter, brighter (saturated), or both.

For light color, which is less saturated, add white to the mixture.

For bright color, meaning saturated color, look at the color wheel and add the next color toward yellow.

• For purple, add red or blue.
• For blue, add green.
• For green, add yellow.
• For yellow, add white.
• For red, add orange.
• For orange, add yellow.

Shadow:

For the shadow area, you can add a bit of the opposite color in the color wheel.

Adding the opposite color, darkens the color, and makes it less saturated.

• For orange, add blue, and vice versa.
• For green, add red, and vice versa.
• For purple, add yellow, and vice versa.

Opposite colors are pairs of primary and secondary colors. A secondary color is a mixture of 2 primary colors. Therefore, mixing opposite colors is a mixture of all 3 primaries.

Mixing all 3 primary colors will absorb most of the wavelengths, and will result in a darker color.

Note:

Using the opposite color in the color wheel is a shortcut for mixing shadow area colors. In reality, the shadow is influenced by a multitude of factors.

Highlight and shadow summary:

When painting nature in a realistic style, the objects are (usually) less saturated.

Some flowers under a certain climate, or some man-made object, can be very saturated.

When using the three primary colors and white, you can mix a wide range of colors, including highlights and shadows.

For special cases of saturated objects, under a certain light, you may need a tube of a specific oil paint.

Observation, knowledge, and experience, are the key to mix the accurate color.

The color wheel is an arrangement of colors around a circle, which enable to see the relationships between the three primary colors, and the three secondary colors.

Opposite colors cancel each other when mixed, forming a brown or grayish color.

The opposite color for each color in the color wheel, which can be used to mix shadow color, is also the complementary color.

Complementary colors, when painted next to each other, form the strongest contrast, and look well together.

Painting a red apple, for example, will look well with a green background.

Leonardo da Vinci noticed that some pairs of colors produce the best harmonies.

There was no scientific explanation for that, until some two hundred years after his death, when Sir Isaac Newton, in his research on optics, created a wheel that shows the colors of the spectrum, and that the opposite colors create the most obvious contrast.

The next example is a use of complementary colors (red and green).

For this example, I used markers and colored pencils.

While this guide focuses on oil paint, the same color characteristics apply to other mediums.

Here are some examples of my paintings in other mediums.

Earth colors include three main pigments: Umber, Sienna, and Ocher.

Umber comes as Raw Umber, or Burnt Umber.

Sienna comes as Raw Sienna, or Burnt Sienna, and has a red or orange tinge.

Yellow Ocher pigment is also associated with the yellow family.

These pigments are suitable for landscape painting, hair painting, and more.

All earth pigments contain iron oxide. In addition to iron oxide, Umber and Sienna pigments contain manganese oxide.

Oxide is a compound, of a substance or an element, with oxygen. Iron oxide is the reason for the red-brown color of rust, and the red color of blood.

Earth colors are the oldest and most durable pigments. Today, earth colors also exist as synthetic pigments.

The 3 main earth pigments:

PY43 (Pigment Yellow 43)

Pigment representing natural yellow ocher, and natural Raw Sienna.

Pigment PY42 represents the synthetic alternative.

PR102 (Pigment Red 102)

A pigment representing natural Burnt Sienna, and many more browns and reds, such as Mars Brown, Terra Rosa, and Venetian Red.

Pigment PR101 represents the synthetic alternative.

PBr7 (Pigment Brown 7)

Pigment representing natural Burnt Umber, natural Burnt Sienna, and many other browns.

Pigment PBr6 represents the synthetic alternative.

In addition to earth colors, you can mix brown color from other colors.

Mixing the opposite colors of the color wheel results in brown.

Meaning, adding a bit of the opposite primary color to the secondary color (a bit of blue to orange, a bit of yellow to purple, or a bit of red to green), results in brown oil paint.

Another way is to mix all 6 primary and secondary colors together, to form a basic brown.

From that basic brown, it is easy to mix the other brown colors. Adding a bit of red to the basic brown creates Burnt Sienna, adding a bit of yellow creates Yellow Ocher, and so on.

Something to consider:

Since earth pigments are cheap, compared to the primary colors, it is advisable to buy brown oil paint, and not mix it.

Oil paints are usually a mixture of oil with a single pure pigment (or a mixture of several pigments), but there are other types:

Hue:

The mark Hue on a paint tube means that the specified pigment is NOT the actual pigment. In some cases, when a specific pigment is toxic or expensive, a combination of other pigments can produce a similar result in a safer or cheaper way.

A good example is the Lead or Flake White, which was toxic and is produced today from safer pigments, but keeps its name with the addition of the word Hue; i.e. Flake White (Hue).

Lake:

The mark Lake on a paint tube is the use of dye, which was made solid (instead of ground minerals). In some cases, these oil colors are less lightfast*.

*Lightfastness of a pigment or a dye means how resistant it is to direct light, and how long it will be before the color will start to fade.

For a quick supply guide, visit my oil painting supplies for beginners.

Most of the leading brands of oil paints hold at least two grades of colors:

• Student grade - Colors with more filling material besides pigments and oil. Therefore, their price is cheaper. These oil paints are good for practice.
• Artist grade - Artist-level oil paints are more expensive because the amount of pigments in them is greater.

Which brands of oil paints to choose:

The main importance when painting with oil paints is the ability and knowledge to mix the right colors, and the correct brightness value. There is less importance to the brand or type of pigment.

I use and recommend the Maimeri Artisti (artist grade) oil paints.

Keep in mind:

When opening a new tube of oil paint, if there is oil leaking on the work surface, it is, usually, a good sign. That means there are only pigments and oil in the tube.

Some brands add a binder to the mix, which makes the oil paint less runny. You can use solvents/thinners to make them runnier.

I do not use thinners. It is a matter of personal preference.

Fat over lean principle:

Thinners or diluents are evaporating materials.

Mixing oil paints with a thinner makes them harden faster, because there is less oil in the mixture.

When painting in layers, each new layer will have a bit more oil and a bit less thinner.

A new layer may slightly block the air for the lower layer, and thus slow down its hardening process. In this situation, the upper layer will harden before the lower layer, and when the lower layer hardens, it may damage the hard top layer and crack it.

The top layer should be fat, meaning with a larger amount of oil, thus harden slowly. The lower layer should be lean, meaning less oil and more thinner, making it harden faster.

In addition, there is a claim that a larger amount of oil causes the layer to be more flexible, and therefore less likely to crack.

You can prepare color palettes in advance, for future reference and usage.

Mix each pigment with an increasing amount of white pigment, to create lighter versions.

Mix each 2 pigments with one another, and then with an increasing amount of white, to create different degrees of brightness.

Use color palettes from a material that is suitable for oil paints.

An example for creating color palettes by the painter Thomas Baker:

• Part 1
• Part 2
• Part 3

For more information on color mixing, I created a list of some of the best YouTube painting instructors.

• Hue - The name of a color family. I.e. red, green, blue, and so on.
• Saturation - How pure or intense a hue is. I.e. how bright or dull it is.
• (Brightness) Value - How dark or light a color (hue) is.
• Temperature - How warm or cool each color is.
• Shade - Adding different amounts of black to a certain hue, creates different shades.
• Tint - Adding different amounts of white to a certain hue, creates different tints.
• Tone - Adding different amounts of gray to a certain hue, creates different tones.

Note: Different artists or color theories use these terms quite loosely, or in a different way.

For example, lightness, sometimes, refers to value or tone.

How to start:

You can start with the 3 primary colors, brown, and white.

With these 5 colors, it is possible to mix many colors and shades.

When painting with a limited palette (red, yellow, blue, brown, and white), use yellow and white for lightening colors, brown and blue for darkening colors.

How to mix colors:

Mixing oil paints means to find the correct hue AND the correct brightness value.

That is to say, how bright or dark the color mixture is compared to the brightness level of the observed object.

When you add dark or light colors to the mixture, the brightness values will change, and you should adjust it again, until both the value and hue are accurate.

In addition, you want to pay attention to saturation. A paint straight from the tube can be very saturated (depending on the pigment). You might need to bring down its intensity.

You can pre-mix colors with a palette knife, or mix them with a paintbrush while painting.

Color comparison:

When painting an object from observation (or using a printed image), it is useful to hold a paintbrush (or a palette knife) with the mixed oil paint, and place it next to the object (or the reference image), to check if the brightness level and hue are the same.

This will not work when comparing colors against a computer or TV screen, because these devices have their own lighting, which is different from the studio light.

It is a good idea to have an image of the color wheel available.

Time spent on color mixing:

Mixing oil paints takes time.

Sometimes, mixing colors will be the main work and time spent, compared to actual painting.

Oil paints and toxicity:

There are some toxic pigments, such as cobalt and cadmium, and it is best to use gloves in some cases. Wash your hands before touching food.

Information about pigments

List of pigments

When drawing or painting, first think about composition drawing.

Next, the structure should be accurate. Perspective drawing is arguably the most important fundamental.

Remember that nature is quite gray, and use less saturated colors.

The color theory applies to most mediums. The next example is with markers and colored pencils.

From my experience as a painter and an art instructor, I recommend learning to draw before (or while) learning to paint.

Drawing or painting is creating an illusion. The world is three-dimensional, but our canvas or paper is two-dimensional.

To create that illusion, you need to learn depth. Here is my guide on how to draw depth, with 15 methods and many examples.

In addition, you might be interested in my article on the 4 key fundamentals for learning realistic drawing.

Here is a list of my drawing & painting tutorials.